From the lush rainforests to the icy polar regions, the world is home to an incredible variety of bird species. Each one captivates with its vibrant plumage, unique behaviors, and cultural significance. These creatures are not just visually stunning but also play vital roles in their ecosystems.
This article delves into the fascinating world of avian beauty, combining visual appeal with ecological importance. It highlights species that stand out for their coloration, habitat uniqueness, and symbolic value. Whether iconic or lesser-known, each bird tells a story of nature’s artistry.
Expect detailed profiles that showcase the diversity and wonder of these winged wonders. Prepare to be amazed by the splendor of avian life across the globe.
Key Takeaways
- Birds showcase vibrant plumage and unique behaviors.
- Species thrive in diverse habitats worldwide.
- Visual appeal meets ecological importance.
- Ranking based on color, habitat, and symbolism.
- Profiles include iconic and lesser-known species.
Introduction to the World’s Most Stunning Birds
The natural world is enriched by the vibrant hues and intricate designs of birds. Their feathers are not just visually striking but also serve critical purposes in their survival and reproduction. From attracting mates to blending into their surroundings, these colors are a testament to nature’s ingenuity.
Evolution has shaped the vibrant plumage of birds. Bright reds, blues, and greens often play a role in courtship displays, signaling health and vitality. In other cases, colors help birds camouflage from predators or stand out in dense foliage. This balance between attraction and survival is a fascinating aspect of avian biology.

The science behind these colors is equally intriguing. Pigments like carotenoids create warm tones, while structural colors result from light refraction. This combination produces the iridescent sheen seen in many species. Such complexity adds to the allure of these creatures.
Birds also hold deep cultural significance. For example, the peacock symbolizes divinity in Hinduism, while the quetzal is revered in Mayan lore. These connections highlight how birds inspire art, religion, and storytelling across civilizations.
However, many species face threats like habitat loss, climate change, and illegal trade. Protecting these birds is essential not only for their beauty but also for their ecological roles. They serve as indicators of environmental health and contribute to biodiversity.
Beauty in birds is more than skin deep. It reflects their adaptability, ecological importance, and cultural impact. Understanding this duality helps us appreciate their true value.
Feature | Purpose | Example |
---|---|---|
Bright Colors | Attract mates, camouflage | Scarlet Macaw |
Iridescent Sheen | Light refraction | Peacock |
Cultural Symbolism | Religious, artistic significance | Quetzal |
30 Most Beautiful Birds of the World: A Visual Journey
Across the globe, avian species dazzle with their vivid colors and unique habitats. From the Amazon rainforests to the Himalayan peaks and African savannahs, these creatures thrive in diverse regions. Each one tells a story of adaptation and survival, showcasing nature’s creativity.
Among the standout species are the Resplendent Quetzal and Wilson’s Bird-of-Paradise. The Quetzal, with its emerald-green plumage, is a symbol of Central American beauty. Wilson’s Bird-of-Paradise, on the other hand, captivates with its vibrant courtship dance. These birds are not just visually stunning but also ecologically significant.

Photography plays a crucial role in capturing these fleeting natural displays. Courtship dances, iridescent feathers, and rare behaviors are preserved through the lens. This art form allows us to appreciate the intricate details of avian life, even in remote locations.
Many of these beautiful birds are endangered, facing threats like habitat loss and climate change. Including them in this list raises awareness about their plight. Conservation efforts are essential to ensure their survival for future generations.
For those inspired by these feathered wonders, ecotourism offers a chance to witness them in their natural habitats. Visiting conservation-focused destinations supports local efforts and promotes sustainable travel. Explore stunning avian photography to deepen your appreciation for these incredible creatures.
From the rainbow hues of the Paradise Tanager to the striking patterns of the Lilac-Breasted Roller, each bird is a masterpiece. Their beauty is a reminder of the planet’s rich biodiversity and the need to protect it.
Resplendent Quetzal: The Jewel of Central America
Nestled in the misty cloud forests of Central America, the Resplendent Quetzal stands as a symbol of natural elegance. This bird, with its emerald-green plumage and ruby-red breast, is a sight to behold. Its long, flowing tail feathers can reach up to three feet, adding to its majestic appearance.

The cloud forest habitat provides the perfect environment for the quetzal. These forests are rich in wild avocados, a key part of its diet. The bird’s reliance on this ecosystem highlights the delicate balance of nature.
Beyond its beauty, the quetzal holds deep cultural significance. It was sacred to the Maya and Aztec civilizations and is now the national bird of Guatemala. Its image graces the country’s currency and is a recurring motif in Mesoamerican art.
Sadly, the quetzal faces threats from deforestation and climate change. These factors shrink its habitat, making conservation efforts crucial. Protecting the cloud forests is essential for the bird’s survival.
For those eager to see this marvel, ecotourism offers a chance. Costa Rica’s Monteverde Cloud Forest is a prime spot for spotting quetzals. Visiting such destinations supports local conservation and promotes sustainable travel.
Mandarin Duck: A Symbol of Love and Beauty
In the serene waterways of East Asia, the mandarin duck stands out as a symbol of elegance and devotion. This bird, with its kaleidoscopic plumage, is a marvel of nature. Males display vibrant orange “sails” during courtship, while females have muted tones for camouflage. This contrast highlights the bird’s unique adaptation strategies.

One of the most fascinating features of the mandarin duck is its hollow feathers. These not only enhance buoyancy but also provide excellent insulation. This adaptation allows the bird to thrive in its native wetlands, where it plays a vital ecological role.
Interestingly, the mandarin duck has also established invasive populations in UK parks. While this raises concerns, conservation efforts in its native habitats focus on protecting wetlands. These efforts are crucial for maintaining the delicate balance of ecosystems.
In Chinese culture, the mandarin duck symbolizes marital fidelity and is often featured in traditional wedding ceremonies. Its image is considered a good-luck charm, reflecting its deep cultural significance. This bird’s beauty and symbolism make it a cherished figure in art and folklore.
Another unique trait is its tree-nesting behavior, uncommon among waterfowl. This adaptation showcases the bird’s versatility and adds to its ecological importance. Protecting the mandarin duck ensures the preservation of both its beauty and its role in nature.
Golden Pheasant: A Burst of Color in the Forest
Deep within the mountain forests of China, the golden pheasant emerges as a stunning spectacle of nature. This bird, with its radiant plumage, is a true marvel of the forest. Its vibrant colors and intricate patterns make it one of the most visually striking species in the avian world.

The male golden pheasant is particularly flamboyant. It boasts a golden crest, a bright red abdomen, and a long, intricately patterned cape. Despite its dazzling appearance, this bird is surprisingly shy. It prefers to stay hidden in the dense undergrowth of its forest habitat.
Its diet consists of insects, grains, and berries, which it forages in the forest floor. This diet helps maintain the ecological balance of its environment. However, introduced populations in Europe, particularly in the UK, face challenges due to habitat fragmentation.
Compared to related species like the Lady Amherst’s pheasant, the golden pheasant is more vibrant but equally elusive. Both species share similar habitats and behaviors, but the golden pheasant’s striking colors set it apart.
Feature | Description |
---|---|
Plumage | Golden crest, bright red abdomen, patterned cape |
Behavior | Shy, prefers dense undergrowth |
Diet | Insects, grains, berries |
Conservation Status | Declining in UK due to habitat loss |
For more insights into the world of colorful birds, explore this detailed guide. The golden pheasant is a testament to nature’s artistry and the importance of preserving its habitat.
Paradise Tanager: A Rainbow in the Amazon
In the heart of the Amazon, the Paradise Tanager paints the canopy with its vibrant hues. This small bird, with its turquoise, green, yellow, and black plumage, is a living masterpiece. Its colors are not just for show—they help it blend into the sun-dappled canopy, offering protection from predators.

The Paradise Tanager is primarily frugivorous, feeding on fruits that are abundant in its rainforest habitat. However, it also supplements its diet with protein-rich insects, ensuring a balanced nutrition. This diet plays a crucial role in seed dispersal, aiding in the regeneration of the Amazon rainforest.
One of the challenges in studying this bird is its remote habitat in the Andean foothills. Researchers often face difficulties in observing its behaviors and migration patterns. Despite these challenges, the Paradise Tanager continues to captivate bird enthusiasts and scientists alike.
Compared to other tanagers, like the Green-headed Tanager, the Paradise Tanager stands out for its unique color combination. Both species share similar habitats and diets, but the Paradise Tanager’s vibrant rainbow hues make it a standout in the avian world.
For those interested in learning more about these fascinating creatures, explore this guide to birdwatching. The Paradise Tanager is a testament to the beauty and complexity of the Amazon’s biodiversity.
Scarlet Macaw: The Vibrant Parrot of the Rainforest
Known for its striking plumage, the scarlet macaw thrives in the dense rainforests of Central and South America. This iconic parrot is celebrated for its vibrant red, blue, and yellow feathers, making it a symbol of the tropics. Beyond its beauty, the scarlet macaw plays a vital role in its ecosystem.

Habitat and Conservation
The scarlet macaw is primarily found in the lush rainforest habitats of Central and South America. These birds rely on clay licks, which provide essential minerals for their diet. Their strong beaks allow them to crack open tough nuts, ensuring access to vital nutrients.
Scarlet macaws are known for their monogamous pair bonding, often staying with a single partner for life. With lifespans reaching up to 60 years, these birds form deep, lasting relationships. Their social nature and intelligence make them fascinating subjects for study.
Despite their resilience, scarlet macaws face significant threats. Habitat loss due to deforestation and the illegal pet trade has led to their decline in some regions. However, conservation efforts, like those in Guatemala’s Maya Biosphere Reserve, have shown promising results in protecting these birds.
- Beak Strength: Enables access to tough rainforest nuts.
- Pair Bonding: Monogamous relationships lasting decades.
- Conservation Success: Efforts in Guatemala’s Maya Biosphere Reserve.
- Threats: Habitat loss and illegal pet trade.
- Actionable Steps: Support macaw adoption programs and ecotourism.
Protecting the scarlet macaw is essential for preserving the biodiversity of the rainforest. By supporting conservation initiatives and raising awareness, we can ensure these vibrant parrots continue to thrive in their natural habitat.
Lilac-Breasted Roller: A Colorful Gem of Africa
Amid the vast savannahs of Africa, the lilac-breasted roller stands out as a vibrant symbol of the continent’s wildlife. This stunning bird is celebrated for its dazzling plumage, which features eight distinct colors, including a lilac breast and a turquoise crown. Its striking appearance makes it a favorite among photographers and bird enthusiasts alike.

One of the most fascinating aspects of the lilac-breasted roller is its hunting technique. It perches high on trees or utility poles, scanning the ground for insects and small lizards. Once it spots its prey, it swoops down with precision, showcasing its agility and keen eyesight.
Unique Traits
This bird is not just a visual marvel; it also holds cultural significance. In Maasai warrior culture, the lilac-breasted roller symbolizes bravery and resilience. Its vibrant feathers are often used in traditional ceremonies, reflecting its deep connection to local heritage.
Compared to the European Roller, the lilac-breasted roller is more colorful and thrives in open savannahs rather than wooded areas. Both species share similar behaviors, but the African counterpart’s vivid hues set it apart.
- Plumage: Eight colors, including lilac and turquoise.
- Hunting: Perches high to spot prey.
- Symbolism: Represents bravery in Maasai culture.
- Comparison: More colorful than the European Roller.
- Popularity: A favorite subject in Serengeti safaris.
During courtship, the lilac-breasted roller performs aerial somersaults, adding to its charm. This display, combined with its vibrant colors, makes it a true gem of the African savannah. Protecting this species ensures the preservation of both its beauty and its ecological role.
Atlantic Puffin: The Clown of the Sea
Along the rugged coastlines of the North Atlantic, the Atlantic puffin brings charm and color to its habitat. Known as the “clown of the sea,” this bird captivates with its striking black white plumage and vibrant, triangular beak. Its unique appearance and behaviors make it a favorite among birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts.

One of the most fascinating features of the Atlantic puffin is its seasonal beak changes. During the breeding season, its beak transforms from a dull gray to a bright orange, adding to its clown-like appearance. This colorful display plays a key role in attracting mates and signaling vitality.
Habitat and Adaptations
The Atlantic puffin nests in coastal cliffs, where it raises its young in burrows. Its wings are adapted for underwater swimming, using them like flippers to propel through the water in search of fish. Remarkably, it can carry up to 30 fish crosswise in its beak, showcasing its efficiency as a hunter.
Major colonies of Atlantic puffins can be found in Iceland and Newfoundland, where they thrive in the cold, nutrient-rich waters. These regions provide the perfect environment for their survival, but they face threats from overfishing and ocean warming. These challenges highlight the need for conservation efforts to protect their habitat.
In folklore, the Atlantic puffin holds a special place in Norse mythology and Canadian legends. It is often seen as a symbol of resilience and adaptability, traits that have allowed it to thrive in harsh environments. Its cultural significance adds another layer to its charm and appeal.
- Seasonal Beak Changes: Dull gray to bright orange during breeding season.
- Adaptations: Wing propulsion for underwater swimming.
- Major Colonies: Iceland and Newfoundland.
- Threats: Overfishing and ocean warming.
- Folklore: Symbol of resilience in Norse and Canadian tales.
The Atlantic puffin is a true marvel of the North Atlantic, combining beauty, adaptability, and cultural significance. Protecting this species ensures the preservation of its unique role in the marine ecosystem.
Rainbow Lorikeet: A Splash of Color in Australia
In the vibrant landscapes of Australia, the rainbow lorikeet adds a burst of color to the skies. This small, energetic parrot is known for its bright plumage, featuring shades of blue, green, yellow, and orange. Its striking appearance makes it a favorite among bird enthusiasts and photographers.

One of the most fascinating aspects of the rainbow lorikeet is its brush-tongued adaptation. This specialized tongue allows it to feed on nectar and pollen from flowers, making it an essential pollinator for native plants like eucalyptus trees. Its diet also includes fruits and seeds, contributing to seed dispersal in its habitat.
Diet and Behavior
The rainbow lorikeet is highly social, often seen in noisy flocks that brighten urban and forested areas. Its UV-reflective feathers, invisible to humans, play a role in mate attraction and communication. These vibrant colors are not just for show—they are a testament to the bird’s adaptability and ecological importance.
However, urban populations of rainbow lorikeets sometimes raid fruit crops, causing challenges for farmers. Despite this, their presence in cities highlights their resilience and ability to thrive in diverse environments.
- Pollination Role: Essential for eucalyptus trees and other native plants.
- Urban Challenges: Raids fruit crops but adapts well to city life.
- Comparison: More colorful than the Eclectus Parrot, another Australasian species.
- Cultural Significance: Featured in Aboriginal Dreamtime stories as a symbol of joy and vitality.
The rainbow lorikeet is a true gem of Australia, combining beauty, ecological importance, and cultural significance. Protecting this species ensures the preservation of its vibrant role in the ecosystem.
Keel-Billed Toucan: The Colorful Icon of the Tropics
In the dense canopies of Central America, the keel-billed toucan stands as a vibrant symbol of tropical biodiversity. This bird, with its rainbow-like beak and striking plumage, is a true icon of the rainforest. Its bright red, green, and yellow hues make it one of the most recognizable species in the region.

The keel-billed toucan is known for its lightweight, serrated beak, which is perfect for eating fruits. Interestingly, this beak also helps regulate body temperature. Blood vessels in the beak expand or contract to release or retain heat, ensuring the bird stays cool in the tropical climate.
Appearance and Habitat
This bird thrives in the rainforest, where it nests in tree cavities. Its diet consists mainly of fruits, making it a key player in seed dispersal. The keel-billed toucan has a symbiotic relationship with fruit-bearing trees, helping them spread their seeds across the forest.
Belize has honored this bird as its national symbol, recognizing its cultural and ecological importance. Its presence boosts ecotourism, attracting birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts to the region. However, the keel-billed toucan faces threats from deforestation, particularly due to palm oil plantations.
- Beak Function: Regulates body temperature and aids in fruit consumption.
- Ecological Role: Essential for seed dispersal in the rainforest.
- Cultural Significance: Belize’s national bird and a symbol of tropical beauty.
- Threats: Deforestation and habitat loss due to palm oil farming.
- Comparison: Its beak is more colorful than the Toco Toucan’s, though both share similar structures.
Protecting the keel-billed toucan is crucial for maintaining the balance of its habitat. Conservation efforts can help ensure this colorful icon continues to thrive in the rainforests of Central America.
Indian Peafowl: The Majestic Peacock
Across the sunlit plains of India, the Indian Peafowl reigns as a symbol of grace and grandeur. Known for its iridescent feathers and iconic fan-shaped tail feathers, this bird captivates with its vibrant colors and intricate patterns. Its presence is deeply woven into the cultural fabric of the region.

The Indian Peafowl boasts over 200 tail covert feathers, each adorned with eye-like patterns. These “eyes” are not just decorative; they play a crucial role in courtship displays. The iridescence of its feathers is created by nanostructures that refract light, producing a dazzling array of colors.
Cultural Significance
In Hindu mythology, the Indian Peafowl is associated with Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. Its image is often depicted in art and temple carvings, symbolizing divinity and abundance. During the Mughal era, peacocks were a common feature in royal gardens, representing beauty and elegance.
The bird’s heavy train, though seemingly cumbersome, serves an evolutionary purpose. Known as the handicap principle, it signals the male’s fitness to potential mates. Despite the energy cost of carrying such a display, it enhances reproductive success.
In classical Indian dance, peacock-inspired costumes are a staple, reflecting the bird’s cultural prominence. Additionally, its feathers have been used in royal insignia, further cementing its status as a symbol of nobility.
However, the Indian Peafowl sometimes conflicts with agriculture, as it can damage crops. Mitigation strategies, such as creating buffer zones and providing alternative food sources, help balance its conservation with agricultural needs.
Wilson’s Bird-of-Paradise: A Masterpiece of Nature
On the remote Waigeo Island of Indonesia, the Wilson’s Bird-of-Paradise emerges as a living masterpiece of nature. This small, vibrant species captivates with its fluorescent turquoise crown and intricately curled tail wires. Its striking appearance is matched only by its fascinating behaviors, making it a true gem of the avian world.

Unique Courtship Display
The Wilson’s Bird-of-Paradise is renowned for its elaborate courtship rituals. Males meticulously clear “dance floors” on the forest floor, removing leaves and debris to create a pristine stage. Their displays involve precise movements, showcasing their vibrant feathers and intricate tail wires. Females choose mates based on the precision and creativity of these dances, ensuring only the fittest males reproduce.
Renowned naturalist David Attenborough played a pivotal role in bringing this rare behavior to the world’s attention. His groundbreaking footage captured the bird’s unique displays, highlighting its ecological and cultural significance. This exposure has spurred conservation efforts, particularly in partnership with Papuan tribes who protect its habitat.
Feature | Description |
---|---|
Habitat | Endemic to Waigeo Island, Indonesia |
Courtship Display | Precise dances on cleared forest floors |
Feathers | Fluorescent turquoise crown, curled tail wires |
Conservation | Partnerships with Papuan tribes |
Compared to other Birds-of-Paradise, like the King of Saxony, the Wilson’s Bird-of-Paradise stands out for its unique coloration and intricate displays. Both species share similar habitats, but the Wilson’s bird’s vibrant hues and precise movements make it a standout in the avian world.
Protecting this species is crucial for maintaining the biodiversity of Waigeo Island. Conservation efforts focus on habitat preservation and community engagement, ensuring this living masterpiece continues to thrive for generations to come.
Gouldian Finch: The Rainbow Finch of Australia
In the sun-drenched savannahs and woodlands of Australia, the Gouldian Finch stands as a testament to nature’s artistry. This small, vibrant bird is celebrated for its striking plumage, which comes in three distinct color morphs: black, red, and yellow-faced. Each morph adds to the bird’s unique charm, making it a favorite among bird enthusiasts.

Habitat and Diet
The Gouldian Finch thrives in the open woodlands and grasslands of northern Australia. Its habitat is closely tied to the availability of grass seeds, which form the bulk of its diet. During the dry season, these birds migrate to areas where seeds are abundant, showcasing their adaptability to changing environments.
One of the most fascinating aspects of the Gouldian Finch is its temperature-dependent sex determination. The sex of the embryos is influenced by the temperature during incubation, a rare trait among birds. This unique adaptation highlights the bird’s evolutionary ingenuity.
Conservation efforts have been crucial for the Gouldian Finch, as wild populations have faced decline due to habitat loss. Captive breeding programs have played a significant role in preserving this species, ensuring its survival for future generations.
In Aboriginal culture, the Gouldian Finch holds a special place. Known by various names in indigenous languages, it is often depicted in rock art, symbolizing its cultural significance. Compared to other Australian finches, like the Zebra Finch, the Gouldian Finch stands out for its vibrant colors and unique adaptations.
Protecting the Gouldian Finch is essential for maintaining the biodiversity of its habitat. By supporting conservation initiatives, we can ensure this rainbow finch continues to grace the woodlands of Australia.
Nicobar Pigeon: The Shimmering Pigeon of the Islands
Among the remote islands of the Indian Ocean, the Nicobar Pigeon stands out with its shimmering presence. This bird, the largest living pigeon species, boasts iridescent hackles that shimmer in metallic green and copper hues. Its white tail adds a striking contrast, making it a true marvel of nature.

The Nicobar Pigeon plays a vital ecological role in its habitat. It feeds on fruits and seeds, aiding in the dispersal of tropical hardwoods. This behavior ensures the regeneration of forests, highlighting its importance in maintaining biodiversity.
Appearance and Behavior
This bird’s feathers are not just visually stunning; they also serve as a form of camouflage in the dense forests of the islands. Its migratory flocks are a sight to behold, as they travel between islands in search of food and nesting sites.
However, the Nicobar Pigeon faces significant threats. Invasive rats on nesting islands prey on eggs and chicks, endangering their populations. Conservation efforts are crucial to protect this species and its habitat.
Interestingly, the Nicobar Pigeon shares evolutionary links with the extinct Dodo. Both birds belong to the same family, showcasing a fascinating connection in avian history. Additionally, this pigeon has a unique “pigeon milk” feeding system, where parents produce a nutrient-rich substance to nourish their chicks.
- Plumage: Metallic green and copper hues with a white tail.
- Ecological Role: Seed dispersal for tropical hardwoods.
- Threats: Invasive rats on nesting islands.
- Evolutionary Link: Related to the extinct Dodo.
- Feeding System: Produces “pigeon milk” for chicks.
The Nicobar Pigeon is a testament to the beauty and complexity of island ecosystems. Protecting this species ensures the preservation of its unique role in nature.
Flamingo: The Pink Wonder of the Wetlands
In the shallow waters of wetlands, the flamingo stands as a vibrant symbol of nature’s artistry. Known for its striking pink hue, this bird captivates with its elegance and unique adaptations. Its color, derived from beta-carotene in its diet, is a testament to its ecological role.

Diet and Habitat
The flamingo thrives in saline and alkaline lakes, where it feeds on algae and small crustaceans. Its specialized bill contains lamellae, which act like filters to extract food from the water. This adaptation allows it to flourish in environments where few other species can survive.
Salinity levels in these lakes play a crucial role in shaping the ecosystem. High salinity supports the growth of algae and shrimp, which are essential for the flamingo’s diet. However, changes in salinity can disrupt this delicate balance, affecting biodiversity.
- Synchronized Dancing: Flamingos perform group dances to establish pair bonds, showcasing their social nature.
- Nesting Mounds: They engineer mud mounds for nesting, protecting their eggs from flooding and predators.
- Vulnerabilities: Water pollution and mining activities threaten their habitat, making conservation efforts vital.
Different species, like the Greater and Andean flamingo, vary in coloration due to their diet. The Greater Flamingo’s pale pink contrasts with the Andean’s deeper hue, reflecting their unique adaptations to their environments.
Protecting the flamingo ensures the preservation of its habitat and the biodiversity of wetlands. These birds are not just a visual marvel but also a key indicator of environmental health.
Conclusion: Celebrating the Beauty of Birds
The splendor of avian life extends far beyond their vibrant feathers and captivating behaviors. These creatures play vital roles in ecosystems, from pollination to seed dispersal, making their beauty inseparable from their ecological importance.
Citizen science initiatives like eBird and nest monitoring offer opportunities to contribute to conservation efforts. By participating, individuals can help protect birds and their habitats while deepening their connection to nature.
Advocating for sustainable practices, such as choosing sustainable palm oil and reducing pesticide use, can make a significant impact. Small changes in daily habits can support the health of beautiful birds and the world they inhabit.
Creating bird-friendly landscapes with native plants and water features can transform backyards into havens for wildlife. These spaces provide food, shelter, and nesting sites, fostering biodiversity in urban areas.
Supporting organizations like Audubon and BirdLife ensures that conservation efforts continue to thrive. Together, we can celebrate and protect the incredible diversity of avian life for generations to come.